⒈斗方
1. Doufang
書畫的一種式樣。呈正方形。通常用四尺宣紙對(duì)裁兩份，二尺高二尺寬，也可把四尺宣紙裁為八份，稱為“小品斗方”，或“斗方小品”。
A style of Chinese calligraphy and painting. Form a square. Usually, four foot rice paper is used to cut two pieces, two feet high and two feet wide. Alternatively, four foot rice paper can be cut into eight pieces, known as "small pieces of Doufang" or "small pieces of Doufang".
斗方是豎行書寫的正方形的作品。書寫內(nèi)容一般是四行六行。因?yàn)樾辛卸?，篇章布局時(shí)應(yīng)十分強(qiáng)調(diào)上下左右的大小、開合、呼應(yīng)及節(jié)奏變化等。在創(chuàng)作時(shí)，要注意正文與落款的主次關(guān)系，款字一般小于正文，要自然生動(dòng)。落款可寫在末行正文的下方，布局時(shí)應(yīng)留出余地。款的底端一般不以正文平齊，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或兩行，上下均不能與正文平齊。印章要小于款字，需離開一字以上位置。
Doufang is a square work written vertically. The written content generally consists of four to six lines. Due to the large number of rows and columns, the layout of the text should place great emphasis on the size, opening and closing, echoing, and rhythmic changes of the top, bottom, left, and right sides. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature. The signature is generally smaller than the main text and should be natural and vivid. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy one or two additional lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the size of the seal, and should be separated by more than one character.
⒉三開
2. Three openings
書畫的一種式樣。呈長(zhǎng)方形，尺寸不等。如用四尺宣紙分三份裁開，稱四尺三開。若用五尺宣紙分三份裁開，稱五尺三開。以此類推，同是三開，尺寸大小不同，四尺三開一般為三尺畫面(實(shí)際是二尺七寸，八平方市尺的三分之一)。五尺三開則是十二平方尺的三分之一，每開畫面的面積為四尺。
A style of Chinese calligraphy and painting. It is rectangular in shape and of varying sizes. If four feet of rice paper is cut in three parts, it is called four feet three parts. If you use five foot rice paper to cut in three parts, it is called five foot three cut. By analogy, if they are all three feet apart, they have different sizes. A four foot three foot apart usually has a three foot screen (actually two feet seven inches, one-third of an eight square meter). Five feet and three openings are one-third of twelve square feet, with each opening having an area of four feet.
⒊對(duì)幅
3. Alignment
書畫裝裱的一種式樣。通常兩幅成對(duì)懸掛。如書法對(duì)幅，稱“字對(duì)”或 “對(duì)聯(lián)”。明清繪畫有“畫對(duì)”，是兩幅大小相等的屏條，成對(duì)懸掛。也有廳堂正中掛中堂立軸畫，兩邊分掛“字對(duì)”，或中間懸掛中常立軸書法，兩側(cè)懸掛“畫對(duì)”。
A style of mounting Chinese calligraphy and painting. Usually, two frames are hung in pairs. Like calligraphy, it is called "word alignment" or "couplet alignment". Ming and Qing painting has a "painting pair", which is two equally sized screen strips hanging in pairs. There are also vertical scrolls hanging in the center of the hall, with "character pairs" on both sides, or calligraphy on the central vertical scrolls hanging in the middle, with "picture pairs" hanging on both sides.
⒋中堂
4. Middle Hall
中堂是豎行書寫的長(zhǎng)方形的作品。尺寸一般為一張整宣紙（分四尺、五尺、六尺、八尺等，其中小中堂為68CM×45CM）。因?yàn)槌叻容^大，所以需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)作者具有精熟的技法和整體把握作品布局的能力。在創(chuàng)作時(shí)，要注意正文與落款的主次關(guān)系，要使它們之間主次有別，相應(yīng)生輝。落款切忌暄賓奪主。落款可寫在末行正文的下方，布局時(shí)應(yīng)留出余地?？畹牡锥艘话悴灰哉钠烬R，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或數(shù)行，上下均不宜與正文平齊。印章要小于款字，蓋印一般需離開一字以上位置，蓋在款字的下方，也可蓋在款字左側(cè)。
The nave is a rectangular work written vertically. The size is usually one piece of whole rice paper (divided into four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, etc.), with the small nave measuring 68CM × 45CM). Due to the large size of the ruler, it is necessary for the creator to have proficient techniques and the ability to grasp the overall layout of the work. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature, so that they are distinguished in terms of priority and shine accordingly. When signing a contract, it is strictly forbidden to invite guests to seize the main position. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy another line or several lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the type, and the seal generally needs to be placed one or more words away from the position. It can be placed below the type or on the left side of the type.
⒌條幅
5. Banner
條幅是豎行書寫的長(zhǎng)條作品。尺寸一般為一張整宣紙對(duì)裁。安排章法時(shí)，應(yīng)能根據(jù)書體的特點(diǎn)，精心構(gòu)思，立意要新。在創(chuàng)作時(shí)，要注意正文與落款的主次關(guān)系，。落款要錯(cuò)落有致，自然生動(dòng)。落款可寫在末行正文的下方，布局時(shí)應(yīng)留出余地。款的底端一般不以正文平齊，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或兩行，上下均不宜與正文平齊。印章要小于款字，蓋印一般需離開一字以上位置，也可蓋在款字左側(cè)。
Banners are long, vertically written works. The size is usually a whole piece of rice paper cut in pairs. When arranging the composition, one should be able to carefully conceive and create new ideas based on the characteristics of the book. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature,. The signature should be well arranged and natural and vivid. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy one or two separate lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the type, and the seal generally needs to be placed one or more characters away, or it can be placed on the left side of the type.
條幅常見的格式有兩種：
There are two common formats for banners:
①寫成兩行或三行的。兩行的格式。左右兩行均靠紙的左右兩邊寫，中間留出較多空白。注意上下字的聯(lián)系節(jié)奏，以及兩行間的彼此呼應(yīng)。落款通常寫在第二行的末尾，位置應(yīng)略高于行末一個(gè)字?？钭挚蓪懸恍谢騼尚小Ｈ械母袷?，需注意三行之間的相互關(guān)系，穿插映帶及節(jié)奏變化。落款可在末行下端，底端略高于一、二兩行正文的位置；也可另行寫款，款字應(yīng)短于正文，上下不宜與正文平行。
① Written in two or three lines. Two line format. Write both lines on the left and right sides of the paper, leaving a lot of space in the middle. Pay attention to the rhythm of the connection between the upper and lower words, as well as the correspondence between the two lines. The signature is usually written at the end of the second line, slightly higher than the last word of the first line. The characters can be written in one or two lines. The format of the three lines should pay attention to the interrelationships between the three lines, interspersed with reflections and rhythmic changes. The signature can be placed at the bottom of the last line, slightly higher than the position of the first and second lines of the main text; You can also write a separate paragraph, which should be shorter than the main text and should not be parallel to the main text.
②居中寫一行（少字?jǐn)?shù)）的。書寫內(nèi)容一般為格言、警句或一句詩(shī)詞等。字?jǐn)?shù)較少，寫時(shí)要注意字的開合及節(jié)奏變化，以求生動(dòng)。落款可分單款、雙款。單款一般寫在左側(cè)中間的位置?？钭謨?nèi)容包括書寫時(shí)間、作者的名號(hào)，也可只寫作者名或號(hào)。印章蓋在款字下方，一般以兩方為宜，印與印之間要適當(dāng)拉開距離。落雙款，上款寫在作品的右側(cè)中間偏上的部分，一般寫創(chuàng)作作品的時(shí)間，若是贈(zèng)送作品，則需寫明被贈(zèng)者的名或號(hào)，稱謂及雅正、惠存，清賞等字樣。
② Write a line in the middle (with fewer words). The written content generally includes maxims, epigrams, or a poem. The number of words is relatively small. When writing, it is important to pay attention to the opening and closing of the characters and the rhythm changes in order to be vivid. The signature can be divided into single and double styles. A single item is usually written in the middle of the left side. The content of the article includes the writing time, the author's name, or only the author's name or number. The seal should be placed below the type, usually in two directions, with an appropriate distance between the seals. Dropped double style, the previous style is written in the middle upper part of the right side of the work, usually indicating the time of creation of the work. If the work is given as a gift, the name or number of the recipient, title, and words such as Yazheng, Huicun, Qingshang, etc. need to be written.
⒍對(duì)聯(lián)
6. Couplet
對(duì)聯(lián)，又稱楹聯(lián)。分為上下兩聯(lián)，右邊的為上聯(lián)，左邊的為下聯(lián)。上下聯(lián)的尺寸可與條幅等同，也可大于或小于條幅。對(duì)聯(lián)的書寫內(nèi)容規(guī)定極為嚴(yán)格，只能是對(duì)仗的句子（上下聯(lián)字?jǐn)?shù)相等，平仄相對(duì)、一般字不重復(fù)出現(xiàn)），包括對(duì)偶句（俗稱對(duì)子）、律詩(shī)中的中間兩聯(lián)（頷聯(lián)、頸聯(lián)）。對(duì)偶句常見的有五言、七言，也有少到三字一聯(lián)，多到數(shù)十字、上百字一聯(lián)的。律詩(shī)則分為五言、七言兩種。五言、七言的對(duì)聯(lián)，在安排章法時(shí)，上下聯(lián)應(yīng)單行居中豎寫。十字以上的對(duì)偶句，則宜寫成雙行或多行（注意書寫順序，上聯(lián)從右向左，下聯(lián)則從左向右。落雙款，分別于上下聯(lián)的未尾，款字略高于正文底端）。上下聯(lián)字的位置一般要基本平行。處理好一聯(lián)內(nèi)上下字的大小、收放的變化，及上下兩聯(lián)間的呼應(yīng)，令上下兩聯(lián)成為一個(gè)整體。
Couplets, also known as couplets. It is divided into two parts: the upper part on the right and the lower part on the left. The size of the upper and lower links can be equal to the banner, or larger or smaller than the banner. The writing content of couplets is extremely strict, and can only consist of contrasting sentences (with equal numbers of characters in the upper and lower couplets, opposite tones, and no repetition of general characters), including couplets (commonly known as couplets) and the middle two couplets (chin couplets and neck couplets) in regular poetry. Dual sentences are commonly found in five or seven characters, with some ranging from three characters per couplet to several crosses or hundreds of characters per couplet. Rhythmic poetry can be divided into two types: five character and seven character. When arranging the composition of the five character and seven character couplets, the upper and lower couplets should be written vertically in the middle of a single line. Dual sentences above the cross should be written in double or multiple lines (pay attention to the writing order, with the upper couplet starting from right to left and the lower couplet starting from left to right. The double paragraph should be dropped at the end of the upper and lower couplets, with the paragraph slightly higher than the bottom of the main text). The positions of the upper and lower couplets should generally be basically parallel. Properly handle the size of the upper and lower characters in a single couplet, the changes in retraction and retraction, and the correspondence between the upper and lower couplets, so that the upper and lower couplets become a whole.
十字以下對(duì)聯(lián)的落款分為上下款和單款兩種。上下款，上款寫在上聯(lián)右邊，下款寫在下聯(lián)左邊。上款一般寫詩(shī)句的作者、篇名等內(nèi)容，如“黃庭堅(jiān)登快閣詩(shī)句”下款則寫書者的姓名、號(hào)，以及書寫地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間等內(nèi)容。如“丙子閑堂書于北京”若是贈(zèng)送作品，上聯(lián)需寫明被贈(zèng)者的名或號(hào)、稱謂及雅正、惠存、清賞等字樣。如“文英女士惠存”若是別人請(qǐng)你寫的一幅作品，上聯(lián)則寫請(qǐng)你作書人的名或號(hào)，稱謂外加上“囑書”等字樣。單款一般寫在下聯(lián)左側(cè)中間偏上的位置?？钭謨?nèi)容包括書寫時(shí)間、作者的名號(hào)，也可只寫作者名或號(hào)。印章蓋在款字下方，一般以兩方為宜，印與印之間要適當(dāng)拉開距離。
The signature of couplets below the cross can be divided into two types: upper and lower styles and single styles. The previous paragraph is written on the right side of the previous paragraph, and the next paragraph is written on the left side of the next paragraph. The previous paragraph generally states the author and title of the poem, such as "Huang Tingjian's Poems on the KuaiGe Pavilion". The following paragraph states the name and number of the writer, as well as the location and time of writing. If a work is presented as a gift, such as "Bingzi Xiantang Book in Beijing", the first couplet should indicate the recipient's name or title, title, and words such as Yazheng, Huicun, and Qingshang. For example, "Ms. Wenying Huicun", if someone asks you to write a work, the upper part should include the name or number of the person who asked you to write it, and the title should be accompanied by words such as "advice letter". A single item is usually written in the middle upper position on the left side of the lower section. The content of the article includes the writing time, the author's name, or only the author's name or number. The seal should be placed below the type, usually in two directions, with an appropriate distance between the seals.
⒎扇面
7. Fan
這里專指折扇扇面，它是一種特殊的形式。由于扇面上寬下窄的形狀，使得折紋與拆紋之間也是上寬下窄。這種獨(dú)特的樣式，就要求我們?cè)趧?chuàng)作時(shí)，做出恰當(dāng)?shù)匕才拧?/div>
This specifically refers to the folding fan, which is a special form. Due to the shape of the fan with a wide top and a narrow bottom, the crease pattern is also wide top and narrow bottom. This unique style requires us to make appropriate arrangements when creating.
扇面常見的形式有三種。
There are three common forms of fanning.
充分利用上端，下端不用。這種格式以每行寫兩字為宜，從右左，依次安排。落款寫在正文的左側(cè)?？钜碎L(zhǎng)些，款字寫一行數(shù)行不等，印章宜小于正文。
Make full use of the upper end, not the lower end. This format is suitable for writing two words per line, arranged sequentially from right to left. Write the signature on the left side of the main text. The style should be longer, with characters ranging from one to several lines, and the seal should be smaller than the main text.
寫少數(shù)字，利用扇面的寬度由右向左，橫排書寫二四字，要收放有度，落款可寫數(shù)行小字，與正文相映成趣。
Write fewer numbers and use the width of the fan to write two to four characters horizontally from right to left. The handwriting should be well organized and can be written in several lines of small characters to complement the main text.
上端依次書寫，下端隔行書寫，形成長(zhǎng)短錯(cuò)落的格局。這樣則可避免上端疏朗，而下端擁擠的情形，達(dá)到通篇的和諧。這種格式，先寫長(zhǎng)行，以五字左右為宜，短行以一、二字為宜。落款要精彩，一般寫在正文后面，一行或數(shù)行均可。即章宜小于落款的字。
Write in sequence at the top and interlace at the bottom, creating a pattern of staggered length. This can avoid the situation where the upper end is sparse and the lower end is crowded, achieving harmony throughout the entire article. This format starts with a long line, preferably around five characters, and a short line with one or two characters. The signature should be exciting, usually written at the end of the main text, one or several lines can be used. The seal should be smaller than the signature.
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發(fā)布時(shí)間：2023-10-13 
作者：大雅堂美術(shù)館 
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